Stateand Federal Obligations. This Agreement shall not in any way interfere with the obligation of the parties hereto to comply with the State and Federal Law or of any rule, legislation, regulation theCOVID-19 pandemic and the related obligations under State aid and transport rules. From September 2020 onwards, the resurgent COVID-19 pandemic has led Member States to prolong State aid rules, and (iii) public procurement rules, as applicable. Sectorial rules. are defined in Regulation (EC) N°3577/92. 4 ("Regulation 3577/92") for Theinternationally wrongful act, defined as the violation by a State of an international obligation, ceases to be the homogeneous legal concept of the first part of the draft adopted on first reading by the International Law Commission, but instead breaks down into a multiplicity of acts. Type firstof all, states must not destroy this standard. state authorities must not keep people from educating themselves, they must not tolerate unfair trials, they must not torture. an obliga tion of this type is called an obligation to respect the human rights standard, or, in short, the "obliga tion to respect." such obligations are sometimes On14 May 2020, the European Commission published a working paper on the interpretation of State aid and public service obligations in the aviation sector in the context of the COVID-19 crisis. This document does not modify the existing legal framework but extends its interpretation and lists the legal options available for the public financing of airports and air routes. thefulfilment of the obligations of the responsible State under these articles. This is the province of the secondary rules of State responsibility. (4) A number of matters do not fall within the . First published 12 November 2008 Citations 2 Abstract Much of what constitutes the business of international relations is undertaken by states in response to their perceived self-interest, and the commitments of states create duties and obligations. This paper assesses critical values that permeate substantive understanding of state duties and obligations. It explores how states traditionally gain community standing and how their choices bind them to existing community norms, even though some are often contested. Assuming a state to be a bona-fide and recognized member of the international community, its self-interested activities, praise-worthy or controversial, create obligation, a moral and legal duty recognized and actionable by law. In practice, what actually constitutes obligation may not be the same in all situations, or be fulfilled similarly by the same parties, or confer the same rights. It is difficult to establish a uniform reference with which to grapple with state obligation across all situations. This difficulty, however, does not enlighten debates on state responsibilities with regard to the binding force of international law where human rights abuses and other moral/legal violations are concerned. The argument is presented that since community membership, statehood, and state capacity provide the prima-facie basis for state obligation, attempts by rogue states to raise and frame secondary issues of sovereignty and autonomy in order to fence-out noncompliance are invalid States, therefore, are obligated and duty bound by community norms despite subsequent defenses that are raised in an effort to expunge transgressions. References Citing Literature A growing number of countries are offering remote work visas to encourage employees to work remotely in their jurisdictions Westend 61/Getty Images Over the past two years, organizations have become adept at sustaining a remote workforce. But, while “remote” has often been used to refer to working from home, the notion has been expanding to include other geographical locations as well. “There is definitely a trend of companies enabling employees to work in locations outside of their home base,” says Sonia Gandhi, CPA, partner and national leader for KPMG’s Global Mobility Services GMS in Toronto. “This has become an incredibly important area for employers.” If you have employees who want to work in different jurisdictions or if you are considering expanding your remote work policy, here are some facts to keep in mind. RESEARCH PAYROLL AND TAXATION RULES For employers, it’s important to start by looking at the implications of working out of province from a payroll, as well as a personal and corporate tax perspective. As Howard Levitt, senior partner with Levitt Sheikh in Toronto, explains, companies that have a remote workforce carrying on business in other jurisdictions outside of Ontario, for example will be subject to the laws of those jurisdictions. “They may require different accounting, taxation and regulatory procedures than Ontario.” There is often the question of which provincial or territorial tax table to use for workers in Canada. The CRA’s policies on place of employment provide essential guidelines to follow. “However, the government hasn’t taken a look at all this with all the remote work that is taking place today,” says FCPA Bruce Ball, VP of taxation with CPA Canada. KNOW THE INTERNATIONAL LANDSCAPE “An even bigger issue is hiring outside of the country,” says Ball. “You can’t count on a country having the same rules as we do—especially if the employee is making key decisions and entering contracts. If you’re employing a permanent resident outside of Canada, employers may be obligated to register with another country’s tax authorities and withhold tax there. Other tax issues beyond the employment relationship could also arise depending on the circumstances.” If an employee asks to work abroad for an extended time, it is important to determine if they have the appropriate immigration status and certification to work in that country. A growing number of countries are offering remote work or nomad visas to encourage employees to work remotely in their jurisdictions, says Gandhi. “These types of remote work visas increased over the past year.” Transfer of qualifications and licensing should also be taken into account, says Levitt. “You cannot hold yourself out as having a designation such as professional engineer, pharmacist or CPA in a jurisdiction if you are not licensed with that [designation] in that jurisdiction.” EXPLORE HEALTH COVERAGE AND PAY REQUIREMENTS Employers also need to find out if their coverage extends to outside jurisdictions and, if not, find a different provider with wider geographic coverage or a separate carrier based on the employee’s location. That was a prime consideration for Josh Zweig, CPA, CEO of LiveCA LLP, which has a remote workforce of 110 members who often travel to locations around the world. “Rather than spend hundreds of dollars on a benefit that an employee may not use, we wanted to ensure that our benefits were expansive enough to ensure people can take advantage of them even when they’re outside of the country. For example, we implemented a health spending account that allows employees to submit expenses incurred outside of Canada. There are other options on the market, such as nomad insurance.” Determining pay levels can prove tricky as well, Zweig adds. “If you pay a top provincial rate for everyone, you might be overpaying for some roles and underpaying others who live in different provinces. It’s important to have a very clear compensation strategy that employees can understand in view of these discrepancies.” REVIEW EMPLOYMENT STANDARDS Companies should also consider other legislative areas such as provincial or international employment law standards, overtime provisions, privacy laws and security requirements. “In Canada, the general rule of thumb is that the law of the province or territory where the employee resides governs their employment,” says Emily Siu, employment, labour and contracts lawyer at Spring Law in Toronto. Siu adds that when you look at other countries, standards get more complicated. “In most cases, the [remote employee] may be governed by that country’s law, even if their employer is in Ontario, all the work they do is for Ontario, and they are being paid in Canadian dollars.” “A key consideration for employers is making sure you know where the remote employee is working,” says Ball. “Some employers may institute work at home rules prohibiting the employee from working outside Canada other than during short personal trips.” One of the biggest issues can be termination, says Siu. “Other aspects to consider include overtime and work hours. These elements will differ from jurisdiction to jurisdiction based on different employment legislation and could open up an employer to liability.” Finally, there are practical concerns around employees working in different time zones and the arrangements needed to accommodate them. Security and health and safety requirements should also be considered. The tax complexities and uncertainties for managing fully remote workers will continue for a while as legislation catches up, says Ball. “The best course of action is to get advice from a taxation specialist.” BRUSH UP ON REMOTE WORK RULES Find out more about the implications of remote work on taxes, as well as the tax consequences of working abroad or leaving Canada permanently. And learn about programs and policies that can help you engage, inspire and retain staff, and ways of building a thriving team culture when you are working remotely. AbstractUnder international human rights law, the breach of human rights and its consequences lie with a contracting state rather than the perpetrator, because only states have the power and the duty to establish the laws and maintain institutions that ensure the respect and protection of such rights. An important question that will be discussed in this section is what exactly is a human rights violation? Put into perspective, why does torture or trafficking committed by the state, or a failure to take appropriate measures to proscribe it, constitute a violation of human rights whereas the same conduct perpetrated by a private individual is considered a crime. Article 2 of the Draft Articles specifies the conditions required to establish the breach of an international obligation. First, there must be conduct involving some action or omission that is attributable to the state under international law. Second, the conduct must constitute a breach of an international obligation in force in that state. This section discusses the nature and scope of States’ Obligations under international human rights law. Additionally, insight is provided into how the Palermo Protocol operates interdependently with International Human Rights Law to balance the shared goals of preventing the crime, protecting victims, and prosecuting traffickers. 2009, pp. 175, Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, as contained in Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of its 53rd Session, UN Doc A/55/10 2000 Art. Szablewska 2007, p. Article 21. 1993, pp. 297–318; Schabas 2003, pp. 908– Nations General Assembly 1966, p. Human Rights Comm., General Comment No. 31 The Nature of the General Legal Obligation Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant ¶ 8, Doc. CCPR/C/21/ May 24, 2006. 2009, pp. 437, 2006, pp. 379, Protocol, Article 51; ICCPR, Article 22; United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Trafficking, E/2002/68/ 2002, principle 2004. 2014. 2012, pp. 29– of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts 2001, Article 15, United Nations 2005; Cf. OHCHR 2014; State Responsibility, A/ and Add. 1–7, 271998 James Crawford, First report on State responsibility on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Eleventh Session, General Recommendation No. 19 Violence Against Women, art. 9 1989. 2014. Rodriguez v. Honduras, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Judgment, Rep. No. 4 Ser. C ¶ 172 29 July 1988; see also the development of the concept of due diligence in Jessica Lenahan v. United States Inter-American Commission 2011. For example, “due diligence” is implicitly enshrined in Article 2 1 2014. 2017, p. at v. Greece, European Court of Human Rights, Application No. 71545/12, Judgment, ¶¶ 70–72 21 January 2011; Siliadin v. France, European Court of Human Rights, Application No. 73316/01, Judgment 2005, ¶¶ 70–72; Rantsev v. Cyprus and Russia, European Court of Human Rights, Judgment, Application , ¶ 285, 7 January 2010. at ¶ 2017, p. For an example of circumstances where the state was not found in violation of its positive obligation because the harm was not foreseeable, see Rantsev, supra note 26, at ¶ 222; and Mastromatteov v. Italy, European Court of Human Rights, Judgment, App. No. 37703/97, ¶¶ 178– 2017, pp. 327– at 328; See E. and Others v. the United Kingdom, European Court of Human Rights, App. No. 33218/96, Judgment, ¶ 99 26 November 2002. v. Ireland, [GC] App. No. 35810/09, 28 January 2014, para. 149; see also Salakhov and Islyamova v. Ukraine, App. 28005/08, 14 March 2013, para. 2017, p. Chowdury and Others v. Greece, supra note 15 at ¶¶110– Nestorova, Executive Secretary, Secretariat of the Council of Europe Convention against Trafficking in Human Beings GRETA and Committee of the Parties, CoE, Understanding human trafficking in the private economy-forms, industries and sectors involved, latest trends and responsibility of the private sector Conference “The Public-Private Partnership in the Fight against Human Trafficking” Moscow, July 20–21, 2017. v. Ireland [GC] App no. 35819/09 ECtHR, January 28, 2014 ¶ Opuz v Turkey App no 33401/02 ECHR 9 June 2009. The Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence 2011, article 5, has also adopted a due diligence standard in the protection of human rights Parties shall take the necessary legislative and other measures to exercise due diligence to prevent, investigate, punish, and provide reparation for acts of violence covered by the scope of this Convention that are perpetrated by non-state Ivette Gonzales and Others v Mexico, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Series C No 205, Judgment, ¶ 284 15 November 2009. Res 48/104, UN GAOR, 48th sess, 85th plen mtg, UN Doc A/48/49 December 20, 1993. GAOR 1995. at Maastricht, 22–26 January 1997, [18] Maastricht Guidelines’. Although not legally binding, the Maastricht Guidelines have served as persuasive aids in the interpretation of economic, social, and cultural Talmon 2019, p. 2009, p. 2004, pp. 17– 2017, pp. 325– 2001. Alliance Against Traffic in Women GAATW 2017, p. Alliance Against Traffic in Women GAATW 2017, p. of Regional and Sub-Regional Structures, supra note 53, at 4– 2006. of Regional and Sub-Regional Structures, supra note 53, at 4– the APDF & IHRDA v. Republic of Mali case, for example, an NGO filed a complaint to the African Court alleging that certain provisions of the Malian Persons and Family Code were not in compliance with the Protocol to African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa the Maputo Protocol. Xavier Damiba and Laurent Nare, Proverbes Mossi Abidjan, 1999 proverb no. 785. 2005, pp. 145, 170; see also OHCHR, Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking, Recommended Principles on Human Rights and Human Trafficking, principle 2010, p. 2003, p. 2008a, pp. 171– Crime Convention, Article 16. Legislative Guide to the Organized Crime Convention and its Protocols, Part I, ¶¶403, 414– supra note 69; United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, Res. 55/25, Doc. A/45/49 Vol. I 2001 art. 16 10; Id. at 193–241; UNODC Toolkit, supra note 73, at 119–172; Commentary on the Recommended Principles and Guidelines, supra note 68, at 203– Convention on Extradition 1994. 2010, p. Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, Articles 18–19; see also UNODC 2008b. 2010, pp. 1, Dep’t of State, supra note supra note 81, at Baseline Assessment, supra note 55, at 20– and Kigbu 2015, p. Dep’t of State, Trafficking in Persons Report 2010 Nigeria Jun. 2010. Dep’t of State, Trafficking in Persons Report 2014 Nigeria Jun. 2014. 2001. 2006, pp. 377, 399–400. 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A/ Google Scholar United Nations General Assembly 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Treaty Series 999 December 1966, p 171 Google Scholar UNODC 2006 Training manual assistance for the implementation of the ECOWAS plan of action against trafficking in persons, at V. 2008a Toolkit to combat trafficking in persons, Sales No. 171–173. 2008b Toolkit to combat trafficking in persons, Sales No. references Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsSaint Thomas University, Miami Gardens, FL, USAPaul V. I. Sidlawinde KarengaAuthorsPaul V. I. Sidlawinde KarengaYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarList of Cases/DocumentsList of Cases/Documents Trafficking in persons Enhancing Criminal Investigation, Prosecution and Victim/witness Protection in African and European Countries, Africa-EU Partnership Working Group Dec. 1, 2011, United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, Res. 55/25, Doc. A/45/49 Vol. I 2001 art. 16 10.; Id. at 193–241; UNODC Toolkit, supra note 73, at 119–172; OHCHR, Commentary on the Recommended Principles and Guidelines, 2010 supra note 68, at 203–212. APDF & IHRDA v. Republic of Mali, AfCHPR 15, No. 046/2016 20180. Chowdury and Others v. Greece, European Court of Human Rights, Application No. 21884/15, Judgment ¶ 124 ¶ 73 30 Mar. 2017, Chowdury and Others v. Greece, note 15 at ¶¶110–115 Claudia Ivette Gonzales and Others v Mexico, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Series C No 205, Judgment, ¶ 284 15 November 2009. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Eleventh Session, General Recommendation No. 19 Violence Against Women, art. 9 1989. Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, as contained in Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of its 53rd Session, UN Doc A/55/10 2000 E. and Others v. the United Kingdom, European Court of Human Rights, App. No. 33218/96, Judgment, ¶ 99 26 November 2002. ECOWAS Common Approach on Migration, ECOWAS Comm. Jan. 18, 2008, ECOWAS Convention on Extradition A/P1/8/94, adopted on 6 August 1994, entered into force December 8, 2005 ECOWAS Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters A/P1/7/92, adopted on 29 July 1992, entered into force on 28 October 1998, 2329 UNTS 301 ECOWAS Convention. ECOWAS Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, Articles 18–19. Fact Sheet on the Extradition Treaty, Embassies and Consulates in the Nov. 16 2011, Francois Xavier Damiba and Laurent Nare, Proverbes Mossi Abidjan, 1999 proverb no. 785. GA Res 48/104, UN GAOR, 48th sess, 85th plen mtg, UN Doc A/48/49 December 20, 1993. ICCPR Human Rights Comm., General Comment No. 31 The Nature of the General Legal Obligation Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant ¶ 8, Doc. CCPR/C/21/ May 24, 2006. Id.; FMM West Africa, Counter-Trafficking Baseline Assessment 19–21 2017, Investigation and Monitoring, Nat’l. Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons, Jessica Lenahan v. United States Inter-American Commission 2011. Koraou v. Niger, ECOWAS Community Court of Justice, Judgment, No. ECW/CCJ/APP/0808, ¶¶ 82–85 Oct. 27, 2008 available at v. Greece, European Court of Human Rights, Application No. 71545/12, Judgment, ¶¶ 70–72 21 January 2011. 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United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Trafficking, E/2002/68/ 2002, Velasquez Rodriguez v. Honduras, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Judgment, Rep. No. 4 Ser. C ¶ 172 29 July 1988. Yearbook of the International Law Commission, Vol. II, ¶ 66 c, Doc. A/8010/ 1970 accessed from Rights and permissions Copyright information© 2022 The Authors, under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG About this chapterCite this chapterKarenga, 2022. States’ Obligations Under International Human Rights Law. In A West African Model to Address Human Trafficking. Springer, Cham. 02 February 2022 Publisher Name Springer, Cham Print ISBN 978-3-030-88119-1 Online ISBN 978-3-030-88120-7eBook Packages Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology R0 Ville de MontréalCatégoriesAccompagnement et financementAutorisations et permisFournisseursInnovation et rechercheDéveloppement urbainGestion du territoireAnimaux domestiquesAnimaux sauvages et insectesAccessibilité universelleDiversitéPrévention et actions socialesPrix et distinctionsVie de quartierBibliothèquesHistoire et patrimoineParcs et natureSpectacles et expositionsSports et loisirsConsultations publiquesInitiatives citoyennesDéneigementDéplacements et transportsFermetures de rue et travauxStationnementAirArbres et jardinsCollectes et recyclageEauSolsTransition écologiqueInfraction et audiencePlainte et réclamationAchat et venteAménagement et entretien extérieursLocation et logementRénovation et travauxAdministrationArrondissementsBudget et profil financierCarrièresMairie et personnes éluesOrganismes et conseilsPublications et donnéesPolice et pompiersRisques de catastropheSanté publiqueÉvaluation foncièreTaxes municipalesServicesDemandesTâchesJournal d'activitésInformations personnellesParamètres du comptePréférences de communicationServicesDemandesTâchesJournal d'activitésMembresInformations Learn how to use different modal verbs to make suggestions and to speak about obligations, and do the exercises to practise using them. Level beginner We use should and shouldn't to make suggestions and give advice You should send an email. You shouldn’t go by train. We also use could to make positive suggestions We could meet at the weekend. You could eat out tonight. Level intermediate We can use conditionals to give advice Dan will help you if you ask him. Past tenses are more polite Dan would help you if you asked him. Suggestions 1 ReorderingHorizontal_MTYzNjM= Suggestions 2 GapFillTyping_MTYzNjQ= Level beginner Obligations We use must or need to to say that it is necessary to do something You must stop at a red light. Everyone needs to bring something to eat. You can wear what you like, but you must look neat and tidy. We use mustn't for prohibitions – to say that it is necessary to not do something You mustn't make any noise in the library. You mustn't say anything to her. It's a surprise. We use had to positive and couldn't negative if we are talking about the past Everyone had to bring something to eat. You couldn't make any noise in the library. Obligations 1 MultipleChoice_MTYzNjU= Obligations 2 GapFillTyping_MTYzNjY= Do you need to improve your English grammar? Join thousands of learners from around the world who are improving their English grammar with our online courses. How to Travel From Toronto to Montreal by Train, Bus, Car, and Plane Toronto, Ontario, and Montreal, Quebec, are two of Canada's most popular destinations. Although they're 336 miles 541 kilometers apart, tourists and locals often travel between the two because they boast such different, unique vibes. Toronto is a bustling, modern city with luxury high rises, while Montreal is more of a historic, cultural hub. The commute takes about five hours, 30 minutes via major highways, or longer if you care to take a more scenic route. If you don't fancy driving or don't plan to rent a car, other options for traveling between Toronto and Montreal include by plane, by train, and by bus. Flying is undoubtedly the fastest option, but it can be the most expensive one. The bus is the most economical but takes the longest. The train—a perfect middle ground—might just be your best bet for public transportation. How to Get From Toronto to Montreal Plane 1 hour, 15 minutes, from $65 fastTrain 5 hours or more, from $40 comfortableBus 6 to 9 hours, from $35 budget-friendlyCar 5 to 6 hours, 336 miles 541 kilometers Jaroslaw Kilian / Getty Images By Plane There are more flights between Toronto and Montreal than between any other two Canadian cities. This is the fastest option, seeing as flying the route takes only one hour, 15 minutes, but then you need to factor in transport to and from the airport both Toronto Pearson and Montréal-Trudeau are about a 30-minute drive from their respective downtown areas, and the time it'll take to check in and retrieve your bags. Travelers who are really crunched for time can opt to fly out of Billy Bishop Airport in downtown Toronto. This airport is much smaller and calmer than Toronto Pearson Canada's biggest and busiest, but you might have to pay a little extra for the convenience. You can expect to pay between $130 and $180 for a flight between the two cities, but if you book early enough you can find them for $65. Air Canada, West Jet and Flair are the popular airlines to take. holgs / Getty Images By Train Via Rail, Canada's national passenger railway, provides convenient, downtown-to-downtown service between Toronto and Montreal on the daily. The train can take five hours or just under that unless it stops for an extended period of time in Ottawa—in which case it can take up to 10 hours, which is not what anyone wants. It's about the same time as it would take to drive the distance, but it's more economical and potentially more comfortable, too. While the train ride is not particularly scenic, it has cozy seats, free WiFi, and it's reliable and convenient. Travelers may pay a little extra to upgrade to business class there are five options, with Escape being the cheapest and Business Plus the most expensive. An Escape ticket can go for as low as $40 if you book far enough in advance. Otherwise, an economy ticket starts at $94. Pro tip Keep an eye on VIA Express Deals to save up to 75 percent on fares. buzbuzzer / Getty Images By Bus If you don't mind extending the trip by a couple of hours, you might save money by taking the bus. Fares typically start around $35, but the ride takes between six and nine hours, which is much longer than driving, flying, or riding the train. The services offering Toronto-to-Montreal routes include Megabus, which has daily express service on double-decker buses equipped with WiFi, and Greyhound Canada, which facilitates connections to many smaller towns between these two cities. Because of Greyhound's frequent stops, Megabus is the quicker option six hours as opposed to eight or nine. Alternatively, there are several guided coach tours to choose from. This may be a good idea if you have limited time and want to make the most of your trip and learn as much as you can during your travels, but it will inevitably be more expensive than your standard bus ride. Busà Photography / Getty Images By Car If you have a car or will be renting one, then driving the distance—336 miles 541 kilometers—yourself is an option. It should take between five and six hours. The two cities are connected by a major system of highways 401 Highway in Ontario becomes Highway 20 and goes straight into Montreal and then onto Quebec City. Driving puts you in control of your own itinerary and can be fun if you're road-tripping with family or friends. There are plenty of nice spots to stop for breaks and have a bite to eat along the way Prince Edward County, a charming agri-rich area that is popular with the Toronto weekend crowd, and Kingston, a city steeped in history that sits at the halfway point between the two cities. You could even take a little detour and stop in Ottawa for a day. What to See in Montreal More than 11 million visitors flock to the charming, historic hub that is Montreal every year. While it isn't the capital, it's the biggest city in Canada's Quebec province. Still, though, it's only about half the size of Toronto in terms of population, but the smallness is what people like about it. Montreal is a big city with small-town vibes. It's brimming with culture and heritage and cobblestoned streets. The French influence is far more present here than it is in Toronto or anywhere in Canada in fact, it's the second-largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world, after Paris. Visitors may spend their day exploring Mount Royal, a hill that sits in the heart of the city; forgetting they're in North America at all in Old Montreal; reveling at the Notre-Dame Basilica of Montreal; navigating the beloved Botanical Garden; or dining in the foodie-approved neighborhoods of Mile End, the Plateau, and the McGill Ghetto. Obviously, a five-hour drive isn't conducive to day trips from Toronto, so rest your head at the cozy Hôtel Nelligan, the 1960s-style Fairmont The Queen Elizabeth, or the intimate, 28-room Le Petit Hôtel. TripSavvy uses only high-quality, trusted sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial policy to learn more about how we keep our content accurate, reliable and trustworthy.

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